Towards
Independent Coastal Areas As Forms
Maritime
development
by
Ismail Ahmad
(Ketua Pusat
Kajian LP3M ISRA
Abstract
( The coastal area and its
natural resources have a strategic meaning to the development of the Indonesian
economy, because the positioning of the coast that has marine resources is one
of the pillars of the national economy. The independence of coastal villages
can be developed as mangrove forest as a place of marine wealth, management
system for seawater distillation as drinking water to provide access to
drinking water services, development of coastal ponds as a place for making
salt and village tourism or village fishermen. Coastal village independence The
existence of respobilitiy and sense of belonging and and the support of the
village community to carry out coastal village development activities builds
independence with awareness of behavior change)
I.
Background
Indonesia As A Region
That Has A Very Wide Area Comprising Land And Sea, As An Archipelagic Country
That Has More Than 17,508 Islands And Along Coasts Of 81,000 Km And Sea Area
Approximately 3.1 Million Km 2 This Causes Coastal Areas In Indonesia To Have
Many Potentials Natural Resources that must be managed. Because of the Wealth
of Natural Resources, We Must Maintain Sustainability and Use It in a Planned,
Balanced and Responsible manner so that it can Preserve the Environment and
Improve the Welfare of its People. So From That It Is Needed A Policy To
Organize The Management Of Coastal Areas In Indonesia Which Also Must Pay
Attention To Its Geographical Conditions, Social-Culture, The Biggest Aspect Of
Potential And Also The Role Of The Surrounding Communities.
Very Large Sea Potential. However, So far The Sea Potential Has Not
Been Utilized Properly In Improving National Welfare In General, And Its
Special Foreign Exchange Income. In fact, Most of the Utilization of the Sea
During This Is Just "Running" Or "Stolen" Into Foreign
Affairs By Foreign Fishermen Who Have Modern Equipment And Operate Until
Indonesian Waters Illegally. In Context This Is The Maximum Effort To Use The
Indonesian Sea Not Just Right But Also A Must. The question that arises is what
is the use of the sea? It Should Be The Use Of The Sea That Can Give The Most
Benefits To Sustainable Communities. In This Context Collaboration In Managing
The Potential Of Such Resources Is Very Necessary, Because The Desired Is Not
Only An Increase Of Marine Utilization Results, But Also The Utilization Equity
Enjoyed By The Community
The Coastal Area Is A Unique And Special Cirri Region So In The
Context Of Landscapes, The Coastal Area Is A Place To Meet The Land And Ocean.
Furthermore, Coastal Areas Are Important Areas Viewed From Various Viewpoints
of Planning and Management. The Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in
the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Bill Defines Coastal Areas as
Transitional Regions that Connect Land Ecosystems and Marine Ecosystems Located
Between the Landline Limits to the Highest Tide and Towards the Sea As far as
the Effect of Activities from Mainland. Coastal Areas Have High Economic
Values, but are Sustainably Endangered. With Unique Potential And Economic
Value So Coastal Areas Are Faced With High Threats, So Coastal Areas Should Be
Handled Specifically In Order For This Region To Be Managed On A Sustainable
basis
To illustrate the importance of the
coastal area, it is necessary to reconstruct a village development plan that
has independence through improving and structuring infrastructure to support
success in development starting from the periphery. The Village Law No 6 of
2014 mandates that the development of village independence in planning
development is given greater authority by the central government. Therefore a
module for the model of maritime village development in outermost villages is
needed as a guideline for planning the central government and special regions
of the regions consisting of islands and remote islands
II.
Methodologyi
To examine understanding of coastal
areas and maritime approaches and methodologies used are the approach of the
Desk Study Method, Survey Method, and the Interview Method (in-depth
interview). The three methods can be explained as follows: Through the Desk Study
the data and information will be analyzed to provide a preliminary description
of the coastal area and potential resources as well as from maritime aspects
that affect the socio-economic community along the coastal area. And from this
aspect there is a comparison between the suitability of cultural culture,
skills and education that will influence the way in which the coastal villages
stagnate themselves.
In addition to using the Desk method,
the survey method means having a critical observation / investigation to get
clear and good information on a problem in villages in the coastal areas and
how to build a model of an independent maritime area so that the purpose of the
survey itself is to represent a picture the target area or region of study
correctly. A survey will not examine all individuals in a population, but the
expected results must be able to describe the nature of the population
concerned. (Muhammad Musa and Nurfitri, Research Methodology, Fajar Agung,
Jakarta 1988, p. 8).
III.
Study Results
According to Dahuri stated that the coastal area is a meeting area
between land and sea, with a boundary towards land covering parts of land, both
dry and submerged in water which still has the influence of marine properties
such as sea wind, pasangsurut, and seawater / intrusion, and characterized by
vegetation typical, while the sea boundary covers the outer part or boundary of
the continental shelf, where the characteristics of these waters are still
influenced by natural processes that occur on land such as sedimentation and
freshwater flow, as well as the processes caused by activities humans on land
such as deforestation and pollution (Bengen, 2002). Generally development
activities directly or indirectly have a detrimental impact on coastal aquatic
ecosystems (Dahuri, et.al, 1996).
Jones & Westmacott (1993) state that coastal areas are
determined based on the purpose of their use, which has been administratively
marked and is a political and administrative responsibility for its management
to be a political and administrative responsibility for its management. For
example; handling pollution from the management of seabed resources as an
ecosystem based on the area as recreation, waste disposal or transportation
a)
the concept and understanding
of the development of maritime villages in coastal areas and outermost islands
can not be separated from the understanding of the meaning and meaning
contained in the words mentioned above, Noting Law No. 6/1996 In Article 3, the
forms of Indonesian waters includeLaut territorial Indonesia adalah
jalur laut selebar 12 mil laut diukur dari garis pangkal kepulauan Indonesia,
b)
Islands waters, are all waters that
are located on the sides in a straight base line of islands without regard to
depth and distance from the coast,
c)
Inland water is all waters which are
located on the land side of a low water line from the coasts of Indonesia,
including all parts of the waters which are located on the land side on a
closing line
Whereas inland waters are waters located at the
mouth of the river, the bay with a mouth width of no more than 24 nautical
miles and at the port. The general characteristics of the sea and coastal areas
can be conveyed as sources of common property resources, so that the area has a
public function / public interest, an open access regime, allowing anyone to
use space for various interests, and the sea of character "Fluid",
where resources (marine biota) and hydrooceanography dynamics cannot be
partitioned / dikapling. While Coastal is a strategic area because it has a
system that is relatively easy to develop and has very good access (by
utilizing the sea as an "infrastructure" of movement and resource
areas whether there is land or sea space needed to meet human needs.Daerah pesisir dan sumber daya alamnya mempunyai arti yang strategis terhadap pengembangan ekonomi Indonesia, because
coastal positioning which has marine resources is one of the pillars of the
national economy. In addition, the facts that some experts have presented on
various occasions also indicate a similar thing. These facts include:
a) Socially, the coastal area is
inhabited by no less than 110 million people or 60% of Indonesia's population
who live within a 50 km radius of the coastline. It can be said that this
region is the forerunner to the development of Indonesian urbanization in the
future.
b) Administratively approximately 42 City Areas
and 181 District Areas are on the coast, where with the presence of regional
autonomy each of these autonomous regions has broader authority in processing
and utilizing coastal areas.Physically, there are socio-economic service
centers that are spread from Sabang to Jayapura, where they contain various
Social Overhead Capital and a very large economic and financial value,
c) Economically, the results of
coastal resources have contributed to the formation of the national GDP by 24%
in 1989. In addition, in this region there are also various future resources
(future resources).
The relationship between coastal areas and coastal
villages for each wilah has different characteristics from villages in the
interior. These differences are not solely on geographical-ecological aspects,
but also on economic and socio-cultural characteristics. Geographically,
coastal villages are on the border between land and sea. Coastal villages have
direct access to coastal ecosystems (sand or rocky), mangroves, estuaries,
seagrass beds, and coral reef ecosystems. Coastal villages are the foremost
land areas that face border areas. Therefore coastal villages are vulnerable to
security disturbances, both politically and economically. Politically, coastal
villages, especially on small border islands, are very vulnerable to the influx
of foreign influences that can affect nationalism. The case in Miangas,
illustrates the influence of culture and the spirit of Filipino nationality has
begun to occur. Economically, disruption is seen in various illegal activities
both in mining, fisheries and trade
In coastal areas in Indonesia can be divided
into two types of ecosystems, namely the coast submerged in water both
periodically and permanently and the coast is not submerged by water. The
waterlogged coast can be divided into brackish forests, salt marsh vegetation,
brackish water swamp forests, and peat swamp forests. The non submerged coast
covers the area with the formation of Pescarpae and Baringtonia plants and
coastal land (Anonim 1983 & 1987). Coastal areas that are not submerged in
water except in the shore zone are shallow sand beaches and rock beaches.j
When viewed from
coastal areas in Indonesia, seen from the type of ecosystem described above,
there are many activity programs that can be developed in the development of
villages located in coastal areas and outermost islands of the Indonesian
territory as maritime villages. Programs and activities that can carried out
for the development of the village village as follows;
a)
Coastal Village development of mangrove forests as a place for
marine wealth
b)
Development of a management system for seawater distillation as
drinking water to provide access to drinking water services through the
provision of sea water distillation facilities as a source of drinking water
c)
Development of coastal ponds as a place for the manufacture of
community salt that provides economic value and income for the people of the
coastal village of Pesisir by utilizing sea water as raw material
d)
Village Tourism or Village Coastal Fishermen as Maritime Tourism
Village which aims to increase the power of local and foreign tourist dance to
tourist attractions of fishing villages as villages or villages of the Maritime
The success of the development of the Maritime
Village model in the coastal areas and outermost islands is inseparable from
the willingness of the regional government to identify and map potential
potential that should be developed as regional access. The way and model of
development for the sustainability of the program or activity is inseparable
from a sense of belonging and responsibility that there are still many areas
and the outermost islands that still need to be addressed so that the access to
mobilization and the economy of the region will increase
IV.
Conclusion
Sustainability and success of the independence
of the village located in the coastal area is;
a)
Each idea of developing independence from the maritime village
model The existence of respitiity and sense of belonging of the central
government and followed up by the local government to carry out the movement of
maritime village development in coastal areas involving cross-sectors
b)
participation and support of the village community to carry out
coastal village development activities to build independence by awareness of
behavioral changes to see mangrove forest as a potential that must be preserved
and the sustainability of its ecosystem
the development of a maritime village model on
the coastal and outermost islands lies between the role of the central
government, regional and village governments
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